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A. Choose the correct answer and fill in the blanks.
1. b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. c; 5. c
B. Match the columns.
1. e; 2. d; 3. a; 4. b; 5. c
C. Fill in the blanks.
1. Landholder’s Society; 2. 7 Aug 1905; 3. Dyarchy; 4. A O Hume; 5. 1885
D. State whether true or false. If false, correct the statement.
1. F(correct: Indian nationalism grew because of the atrocities of the British)
2. T
3. T
4. T
5. T
E. Answer the following questions in 10-20 words.
1. The Indian National Congree was formed in 1885.
2. Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Sachindranath Sanyal, Bhagat Singh and
Chandra Shekhar Azad were the leading members of the Hindustan Republican
Association.
3. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 brought about Hindu-Muslim unity.
4. The Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 introduced separate electorates for Muslims.
5. The Landholders’ society, the Bengal British India Society, and the Madras Native
Association were three associations formed prior to the founding of the Indian
National Congress.
F. Answer the following questions in 50-70 words.
1. The early demands of the Indian National Congress included:
i. Increased participation of Indians in the legislative assembly
ii. Indianisation of the civil service
iii. Reduction of military expenditure and tax burden
iv. Providing more funds for educating Indians
They did not demand independence in the early stages of the freedom movement.
2. The second half of the nineteenth century saw the growth of national political
consciousness in India. The Indians realised the growth of British imperialism
and started a long struggle for freedom and Indian nationalism arose as a result of this awareness of the economic exploitation by the British, rise of press, effort of
educated Indians, etc.
3. The first political association to be formed was the Landholders’ society at Calcutta
in 1838. In 1843 the Bengal British India Society was formed. The Madras Native
Association and the Bombay Association was established in 1852. These were the
political associations formed in India before 1885.
4. The Moderates had firm faith in the British sense of justice and fair play, hence,
they continued with prayers and petitions. The British however, turned a deaf ear
to the requests of the Congress. The indifference of the British and the continued
economic exploitation and impoverishment of the country made the Indian
nationalists realise that the British government was not sincere and just. Therefore,
they gradually lost faith in it.
5. The Lucknow Pact of 1916 was an important step in achieving Hindu- Muslim
unity. The war between Britain and Turkey led to anti-British feelings among the
Muslims. This opened the way for Congress and Muslim League unity. Both the
Congress and the Muslim League held sessions at Lucknow in 1916. The Congress
accepted the separate electorates, and both organisations jointly demanded
dominion status for the country. The extremists were also re-admitted into the
Congress at this session.
G. Answer the following questions in 80-100 words.
1. The repressive measures of the government against the anti-partition movement
and the Extremists resulted in the growth of revolutionary activities. The
revolutionaries were influenced by the movements for freedom in Italy, Ireland
and Russia. They did not believe in passive resistance, and this led to revolutionary
activities both inside and outside the country.
Their methods were entirely different from those of the extremists and the
moderates. They formed secret societies, manufactured bombs and imported them
from foreign countries whenever possible. They were involved in the assassination
of unpopular British officials and propagated revolutionary ideas through
newspapers, books and pamphlets.
They did not try to generate a mass revolution, which remained their primary
weakness. Instead, they chose to assassinate officials or attempted armed uprisings
with the help of Indian soldiers if possible.
2. Constitutional reforms were introduced thought the Morley Minto Reforms of
1909. These reforms introduced and extension of the number of members of the
legislative councils. A separate electorate for the Muslims was introduced and
Muslims were given the right to elect their own representatives to these councils.
However, the extremist leaders protested against these communal electorates and national unity was shattered with one blow. Mahatma Gandhi expressed
his disappointment by saying that ‘the Morley-Minto Reforms have been our undoing'.
3. A significant feature of British rule in India was the economic exploitation of the
Indians. Many foreigners had come to India and taken away wealth even prior
to the British but the British drained the resources of India in a most systematic
and unjust way. The nation, as a whole, was reduced to a mere subsistence level
without any hope of relief in the future. This economic exploitation was a major
cause behind the rise of nationalism in India. The rise of the Indian press and
literature as well as improvement in transport and communication also contributed
to the emergence of nationalism. Therefore, Indian nationalism arose as a result
of the awareness of the economic exploitation by the British, rise of press, effort of
educated Indians, etc.
4. The Partition of Bengal led to many nationalist movements in the country. Indians
started the Swadeshi Movement on 7 August 1905. This movement included
boycott of British goods and promotion of Indian goods. Later, swadeshi and boycott
of foreign goods became the chief forms of agitation followed by the Congress.
Through the partition of Bengal, the British sowed the seeds of communalism.
They encouraged the Muslims to form a separate party and fight through separate
electorates. The Muslims thought that they might lose their identity if they joined
the Congress. In 1906, Nawab Salimulla Khan of Dacca and Prince Aga Khan
founded the Muslim League to protect the interests of the Muslims with an idea
of getting a separate electorate for Muslims. And the repressive measures of the
government against the anti-partition movement and the Extremists resulted in the
growth of revolutionary activities.
5. Ram Prasad Bismil, Jogesh Chatterjee, Sachindranath Sanyal, Bhagat Singh and
Chandra Shekhar Azad were the leading members the Hindustan Republican
Association, founded in October 1924 at Kanpur. When the British government
arrested many of its prominent leaders in the Kakori conspiracy case in 1925, the
Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was formed in 1928. On 9 and
10 September 1928, Chandra Shekhar Azad was elected as their commander-in-
chief. They adopted socialism as their creed, inserting the word ‘socialist’ into their
name. The HSRA was responsible for a number of major revolutionary activities,
including an attempt to blow up Viceroy Irwin’s train near Delhi in 1929, and
similar actions in Punjab and UP in 1930. However, their single most important
action was the throwing of bombs in the Legislative Assembly by Bhagat Singh and Bakuteshwar Dutt on April 8, 1929.
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